Environmental pollution and the nonlinear effect of GDP per capita on health expenditures: Dynamic study for  Oil exporting countries

Elmi, Zahra Mila; Hassan Nataj, Moein

doi:10.22075/jem.2022.26819.1719

Environmental pollution and the nonlinear effect of GDP per capita on health expenditures: Dynamic study for Oil exporting countries

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Zahra Mila Elmi ¹

Moein Hassan nataj ²

¹ Professor of Economics, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Babolsar

² Master of Economics, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Babolsar

10.22075/jem.2022.26819.1719

Abstract

In recent years, the increasing growth in health expenditures has led to the recognition determinants of health expenditures be considered by researchers. According to studies, GDP and the emission of pollution are the important determinants of health expenditures. In this study, the effect of CO₂ emission as an environmental indicator, GDP per capita as an economic indicator, urbanization rate and age dependency ratio as social indicators on health expenditures per capita has been estimated through use of the Panel Generalized Moments Method (PGMM) and the nonlinear relationship approach between income per capita and health expenditures per capita in 19 Oil Exporting countries including Iran in the period 2004 - 2018. The findings reveal that the variables of carbon dioxide emission per capita, urbanization rate and age dependency ratio have positive and significant effect and GDP per capita has a nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship with health expenditure. This nonlinear relationship suggests that increment in GDP per capita leads to an increase in health expenditures per capita until the threshold level, and after that, this increment can lead to a reduction in health expenditures.

Keywords

Health Expenditures

Pollution emission

GDP per capita

Urbanization rate

Generalized Method of Moments